Cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours in relation to longevity: a Mendelian randomization study

Abstract

Background: The American Heart Association introduced the Life’s Simple 7 initiative (7项倡议) to improve cardiovascular health by modifying cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours. It is unclear whether these risk factors are causally associated with longevity.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate causal associations of Life’s Simple 7 modifiable risk factors, as well as sleep and education, with longevity using the two-sample Mendelian randomization design.

Methods: Instrumental variables for the modifiable risk factors were obtained from large-scale genome-wide association studies. Data on longevity beyond the 90th survival percentile were extracted from a genome-wide association meta-analysis with 11,262 cases and 25,483 controls whose age at death or last contact was ≤ the 60th survival percentile.

Results: Risk factors associated with a lower odds of longevity included the following: genetic liability to type 2 diabetes (OR 0.88; 95% CI: 0.84;0.92), genetically predicted systolic and diastolic blood pressure (per 1-mmHg increase: 0.96; 0.94;0.97 and 0.95; 0.93;0.97), body mass index (per 1-SD increase: 0.80; 0.74;0.86), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (per 1-SD increase: 0.75; 0.65;0.86) and smoking initiation (0.75; 0.66;0.85). Genetically increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (per 1-SD increase: 1.23; 1.08;1.41) and educational level (per 1-SD increase: 1.64; 1.45;1.86) were associated with a higher odds of longevity. Fasting (禁食的；空腹的) glucose and other lifestyle factors were not significantly associated with longevity.

Conclusion: Most of the Life’s Simple 7 modifiable risk factors are causally related to longevity. Prevention strategies should focus on modifying these risk factors and reducing education inequalities to improve cardiovascular health and longevity.

Keywords: Mendelian randomization; cardiovascular risk factors; instrumental variable analysis; lifestyle; longevity.

参考学习：

Finally, we excluded SNPs that were not available in the longevity GWAS.

outcome不存在的SNP直接剔除

空腹血糖：fasting glucose

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